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Just six words carry P second and H third, and every one of them is a borrowing.
APHID and APHIS are both the sap sucking insect. EPHAH and EPHAS are both an ancient Hebrew dry measure. EPHOD, a priestly vestment, and EPHOR, a Spartan magistrate, are the odd couple that do not match.
E opens four of the six and A opens two, so the first box is a straight choice. The E words are Hebrew and Greek in origin and the A words are Greek.
That is the whole of it. There is no native English word at this length putting P second and H third, which is why the group stays so small.
Three letters appear in the fourth box and four in the last, across six words. Nothing repeats often enough to reason from.
They name the same insect, with APHIS more often used as the genus name. Both are valid and they differ in the last box.
A sleeveless garment worn by Jewish priests in biblical times. It appears throughout the Hebrew Bible.
One of the magistrates who held power alongside the kings in ancient Sparta. The word is Greek and means overseer.
A dry measure used in ancient Israel, roughly a bushel. EPHAS is the plural and both spellings appear here.
APHID, since it is the only entry a general reader is likely to know. If the first letter comes back wrong, the answer is one of the E words.